11.2: Introduction to the Nervous System (2024)

Overview of the Nervous System

The nervous system, illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\), is the human organ system that coordinates all of the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions by transmitting electrical signals to and from different parts of the body. Specifically, the nervous system extracts information from the internal and external environments using sensory receptors. It then usually sends signals encoding this information to the brain, which processes the information to determine an appropriate response. Finally, the brain sends signals to muscles, organs, or glands to bring about the response. In the example above, your eyes detected the skateboarder, the information traveled to your brain, and your brain instructed your body to act so as to avoid a collision.

Signals of the Nervous System

The signals sent by the nervous system are electrical signals called nerve impulses, and they are transmitted by special nervous system cells named neurons, or nerve cells, like the one in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\) (all the parts of a neuron are explained in the next section). Dendrites of a neuron receive nerve impulses from other cells. Long projection (called axons) from neurons carries nerve impulses directly to specific target cells. Schwann cells wrapped around the axon are called glial cells. They create a myelin sheath which allows the nerve impulse to travel very rapidly through the axons. A cell that receives nerve impulses from a neuron may be excited to perform a function, inhibited from carrying out an action, or otherwise controlled. In this way, the information transmitted by the nervous system is specific to particular cells and is transmitted very rapidly.

In fact, the fastest nerve impulses travel at speeds greater than 100 meters per second! Compare this to the chemical messages carried by the hormones that are secreted into the blood by endocrine glands. These hormonal messages are “broadcast” to all the cells of the body, and they can travel only as quickly as the blood flows through the cardiovascular system.

Organization of the Nervous System

As you might predict, the human nervous system is very complex. It has multiple divisions, beginning with its two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), as shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, and the PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are bundles of axons from neurons. The nerves of the PNS connect the CNS to the rest of the body. You can learn much more about the CNS by reading the concept Central Nervous System.

The PNS is divided into two major parts, called the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. The somatic nervous system controls activities that are under voluntary control, such as turning a steering wheel. The autonomic nervous system controls activities that are not under voluntary control, such as digesting a meal. The autonomic nervous system has two divisions: the sympathetic division, which controls the fight-or-flight response during emergencies, and the parasympathetic division, which controls the routine “housekeeping” functions of the body at other times. You can learn more about the PNS and its subdivisions by reading the concept Peripheral Nervous System.

Review

1. List the general steps by which the nervous system generates an appropriate response to information from the internal and external environments.
2. What are neurons?
3. Compare and contrast the central and peripheral nervous systems.
4. Which major division of the peripheral nervous system allows you to walk to class? Which major division of the peripheral nervous system controls your heart rate?
5. Identify the functions of the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
6. What is an axon and what is its function?
7. True or False. A nerve impulse always causes the target cell to perform an action.
8. True or False. The spinal cord is not considered part of the peripheral nervous system.
9. Define nerve impulses.
10. Explain why signals in the nervous system are generally more targeted and specific than signals in the endocrine system.
11. Explain generally how the brain and spinal cord can interact with and control the rest of the body.
12. ___________ actions are performed without the person thinking about them.
13. The fight-or-flight response is controlled by the:
    1. autonomic nervous system
    2. somatic nervous system
    3. central nervous system
    4. parasympathetic nervous system
14. How are nerves and neurons related?
15. What type of information from the outside environment do you think is detected by sensory receptors in your ears?

Explore More

Attributions

1. Skateboarder by JESHOOTS-com via Pixabay license
2. Nervous System diagram by the Emirr, CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons
3. Neuron by NickGorton, licensed CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons
4. Nervous System Flowchart by Suzanne Wakim dedicated CC0
5. Text adapted from Human Biology by CK-12 licensed CC BY-NC 3.0